Even though ozone is a very effective disinfectant, if someone uses the same in more than prescribed amount, it can be fatal for health. It also poses a serious health risk, especially when present in high concentration. When its generator is used in confined spaces, it can cause respiratory irritation as well. These are just a few of the safety measures you need to know before buying an ozone water treatment systems for own use.
It is also important to note that since hydroxyl radicals are not selective oxidants, they will react with any oxidizable species. Since the radicals are expensive to form, less expensive oxidants or methods should be used to deal with the easier to deal with materials that could waste the hydroxyl radicals. Examples would include iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, etc. The advanced oxidation process should be targeted at the higher value refractory materials in solution.
A given system will produce less O3 as the concentration of O3 increases. O3 transfer efficiency, the rate at which O3 dissolves into water increases with increasing O3 concentration. Both factors will determine the final size of the machine required. O3 generators can run on various oxygen sources such dry air, concentrated oxygen or purchased oxygen as a feed gas. First, a brief discussion of feed gases.
Originally, the generators mainly worked with air as the feed gas. Air contains about 20% oxygen and only the oxygen can be converted to O3. Using air as the feed gas, the maximum economic concentration of O3 that can be obtained is about 3 weight percent.
Using a feed gas with oxygen concentration greater than 90% allows the O3 concentration to increase to the 5-10 percent range. In addition, the generators produce higher outputs of O3 in terms of pounds per day or grams per hour using oxygen versus air.
As a specific example, the gas is often used to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) in water. COD is measured in ppm (milligrams per liter - mg/l). It normally takes 2 mg of O3 per mg of COD to remove the COD. So, if we had to treat 10,000 liters per hour of water containing 50 ppm of COD we would need.
A sure fire way to weed out a few of these vendors is to do a Google search of their business address then use the "street view" feature by dragging and dropping the "little man icon" onto the street right in front of their business address. If you see a residential home, you might want to steer clear of that vendor. Why? It's easy to shut down your operations when you're doing business from home.
Because these generators are prone to fail due to the very corrosive nature of ozone and the damaging effects it has on the metal components within switches, timers, relays, etc. Same goes for eBay vendors who buy a lot of generators without also investing in replacement parts. When their supply runs out, they're out of the purification business, and you're left with an expensive door stop when your machine fails in due time.
This is the most important factor in selecting a generator. The amount of the element required is based on the application requirements. If it is being used for removal of organic contaminants from water, the amount required is proportional to the amount of organic in the water, the efficiency of the ozone organic reaction and the efficiency of dissolving it into the water.
It is also important to note that since hydroxyl radicals are not selective oxidants, they will react with any oxidizable species. Since the radicals are expensive to form, less expensive oxidants or methods should be used to deal with the easier to deal with materials that could waste the hydroxyl radicals. Examples would include iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, etc. The advanced oxidation process should be targeted at the higher value refractory materials in solution.
A given system will produce less O3 as the concentration of O3 increases. O3 transfer efficiency, the rate at which O3 dissolves into water increases with increasing O3 concentration. Both factors will determine the final size of the machine required. O3 generators can run on various oxygen sources such dry air, concentrated oxygen or purchased oxygen as a feed gas. First, a brief discussion of feed gases.
Originally, the generators mainly worked with air as the feed gas. Air contains about 20% oxygen and only the oxygen can be converted to O3. Using air as the feed gas, the maximum economic concentration of O3 that can be obtained is about 3 weight percent.
Using a feed gas with oxygen concentration greater than 90% allows the O3 concentration to increase to the 5-10 percent range. In addition, the generators produce higher outputs of O3 in terms of pounds per day or grams per hour using oxygen versus air.
As a specific example, the gas is often used to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) in water. COD is measured in ppm (milligrams per liter - mg/l). It normally takes 2 mg of O3 per mg of COD to remove the COD. So, if we had to treat 10,000 liters per hour of water containing 50 ppm of COD we would need.
A sure fire way to weed out a few of these vendors is to do a Google search of their business address then use the "street view" feature by dragging and dropping the "little man icon" onto the street right in front of their business address. If you see a residential home, you might want to steer clear of that vendor. Why? It's easy to shut down your operations when you're doing business from home.
Because these generators are prone to fail due to the very corrosive nature of ozone and the damaging effects it has on the metal components within switches, timers, relays, etc. Same goes for eBay vendors who buy a lot of generators without also investing in replacement parts. When their supply runs out, they're out of the purification business, and you're left with an expensive door stop when your machine fails in due time.
This is the most important factor in selecting a generator. The amount of the element required is based on the application requirements. If it is being used for removal of organic contaminants from water, the amount required is proportional to the amount of organic in the water, the efficiency of the ozone organic reaction and the efficiency of dissolving it into the water.
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